Microscopes Including Illumination Field Diaphragms

ABSTRACT

Surgical microscopes are provided including at least one ocular, an objective lens; a collimated space between the at least one ocular and the objective lens; an illumination system optically coupled into the collimated space of the surgical microscope, wherein an illumination from the illumination system is directed along a path at least partially contained within the collimated space of the surgical microscope and through the objective lens; and one of a field diaphragm and obscuration mask positioned within the illumination system, and outside of a field of view of the at least one ocular, wherein the one of the field diaphragm and the obscuration mask blocks, attenuates or diverts rays from the illumination system that reflect from a surface of the objective lens such that the reflected rays are not visible through the at least one ocular.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/935,545, filed Nov. 9, 2015, entitled Illumination Field Diaphragmsfor Use in Microscopes and Related Methods and Systems, the content ofwhich is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

The present inventive concept, relates generally to surgical microscopesand, more particulariy, to methods, systems and devices for compensatingfor illumination glare in the field of view of a surgical microscope.

BACKGROUND

Generally, common main objective (CMO) surgical microscopes use verticalillumination that is projected cloven onto a sample, nearly parallel toan observer's viewing angle. In these microscopes, glare may occur whenlight from the vertical illumination reflects off one surface of themicroscope objective lens and couples into one of the ocular charnels.

These microscopes are typically designed to reduce, or possibly prevent,reflected rays from reaching or coupling into the microscope ocularchannels, thereby reducing, or possibly avoiding glare. A combination oftechniques have been used to reduce the likelihood of glare, forexample, high quality coatings may be used to reduce reflectionintensity; location of virtual images may be controlled by carefulchoice of lens curvatures and spacing; field diaphragms and baffles maybe used to block reflected light that does not contribute to themicroscope image and the like.

SUMMARY

Some embodiments of the present inventive concept provide fielddiaphragms for use in a surgical microscope. The field diaphragm ispositioned along an optical axis of a microscope illumination system.The field diaphragm includes a frame portion configured to be receivedby the surgical microscope; and a non-circularly symmetric mask portionintegrated with the frame portion. The mask portion is aligned such thatmarginal rays from an edge of the field diaphragm along a meridian ofminimum diameter that reflect from a surface of an objective lens of themicroscope reflect outside of an acceptance angle for relay through anyocular channel of the microscope.

In further embodiments, the mask portion may include a circularlysymmetric diaphragm of a maximum clear aperture with a non-circularlysymmetric inset obscuration restricting the clear aperture along atleast one meridian.

In still further embodiments, the inset obscuration may include arectangular obscuration mask being about 8 mm wide and located about 9.5mm from, a center of an aperture and about twenty degrees from vertical.

In some embodiments, the mask portion may be configured to be receivedby a filter slot in the surgical microscope.

In further embodiments, the surgical microscope may include an accessoryin an infinity space of the surgical microscope. The presence of theaccessory may alter a glare management system of the surgical microscopeby displacing a position of an objective lens of the surgicalmicroscope.

In still further embodiments, the mask portion may be configured toblock portions of the illumination beam to reduce back reflections fromthe displaced objective lens.

Some embodiments of the present inventive concept provide systems forcontrolling glare in oculars of a surgical microscope. The systemincludes a surgical microscope; and a non-circularly symmetric fielddiaphragm configured to be received by the surgical microscope. Thefield diaphragm is configured to block portions of an illumination beamof the surgical microscope to reduce regions of glare in a field of view(FOV) of the microscope visible through oculars thereof.

In further embodiments, the surgical microscope may further include anobjective lens and an infinity space above the objective lens. Theinfinity space may be configured to receive an accessory therein and thepresence of the accessory may alter a glare management system of thesurgical microscope by displacing the position of the objective lens ofthe surgical microscope.

In still further embodiments, the field diaphragm may be configured toblock portions of the illumination beam to reduce back reflections fromthe displaced objective lens.

In some embodiments, the accessory may be an optical coher ncetomography OC accessory.

In further embodiments, the field diaphragm may include a circularlysymmetric diaphragm of a maximum clear aperture with a non-circularlysymmetric inset obscuration restricting the clear aperture along atleast one meridian.

In still further embodiments, the inset obscuration may be a rectangularobscuration mask being about 8 mm wide and located about 9.5 mm from acenter of an aperture and about twenty degrees from vertical.

In some embodiments the surgical microscope may ,other include a filterslot. The filter slot may be configured to receive the glare mask.

In further embodiments, the field diaphragm may include a frame portionconfigured to be received by the surgical microscope; and a mask portionintegrated with the frame portion, the mask portion confgured to blockportions of the illumination beam of the surgical microscope.

Still further embodiments of the present inventive concept provide asurgical microscope including at least one ocular; an objective lensoptically coupled to the at least one ocular; a collimated space betweenthe at least one ocular and the objective lens, wherein the, collimatedspace is configured to receive an optical accessory therein and whereinthe optical accessory is optically coupled to an imaging path of thesurgical microscope; an illumination system optically coupled into thecollimated space of the surgical microscope, wherein an illuminationfrom the illumination system is directed along a path at least partiallycontained within the collimated space of the surgical microscope andthrough the objective lens; and one of a field diaphragm and obscurationmask _(P)ositioned within the illumination system, and outside of afield of view of the at least one oculars, wherein the one, of the fielddiaphragm and the obscuration mask blocks, attenuates or diverts raysfrom the ill unination system that reflect from a surface of theobjective lens such that the reflected rays are not visible through theat least one ocular.

In some embodiments, one of a first field diaphragm and firstobscuration mask may be positioned within the path of the illuminationsystem when the surgical microscope is operated without the opticalaccessory coupled to the imaging path of the microscope. One of a secondfield diaphragm and a second obscuration mask may be positioned withinthe path of the illumination system when the surgical microscope isoperated with the optical accessory coupled to the imaging path of themicroscope.

In further embodiments, the position of the objective lens, when thesurgical microscope is operated with the optical accessory coupled toimaging path of the microscope, may be displaced a distance dL along theoptical axis of the objective lens relative to the axial position of theobjective lens when the surgical microscope is operated without theoptical accessory coupled to imaging path of the microscope.

In still further embodiments, a radial dimension of the one of thesecond field diaphragm and the second obscuration mask may bede-magnified relative to a radial dimension of the first field diaphragmby an approximate ratio R=[1−((M−1)*dL/(L_0+FL)], where M is themagnification of the first field diaphragm at the image plane, andL_0+FL is the sum of path lengths from a first field diaphragm to afirst objective lens position L_0 and a focal length of the objectivelens FL.

In some embodiments, the accessory may include one of an opticalcoherence tomography (OCT) device, a scanning laser ophthalmoscopedevice, wavefront analysis device, an autorefraetor device, a videocamera, and a laser delivery device.

In further embodiments, the one of the second field diaphragm and thesecond obscuration mask is non-circularly symmetric.

In still further embodiments, the one of the second field diaphragm andthe second obscuration mask is circularly symmetric.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a surgical microscope with verticalillumination.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are schematic representations of an illumination systemof a microscope using vertical illumination where the illumination raysreach an object plane (2A) and where the virtual image of the fielddiaphragm formed by reflection off of the top surface of the objectiveis obscured from the ocular channel (2B).

FIGS. 3A and 3B are schematic representations of an illumination systemof a microscope including an accessory in the infinity space of themicroscope where the illumination rays reach an object plane (3A) andwhere the virtual image of the field diaphragm formed by reflection offof the top surface of the objective lens produces a glare (3B).

FIGS. 4A and 4B are diagrams of an illuminated field-of-view (FOV) of aLeica M844 with an accessory (4A) and an accessory and a glare mask(4B).

FIGS. 5A through 5C are images of various form factors of glare-reducingfield diaphragms in accordance with some embodiments of the presentinventive concept.

FIGS. 6A tluough 6C are diagrams illustrating a specific form of anon-circularly symmetric field diaphragm in accordance with someembodiments of the present inventive concept.

FIG. 7 is diagram illustrating a representation of a geometry applied todetermine a radius of a meridian of a second field diaphragm that willinhibit glare, given knowledge of a first field diaphragm, path lengthsfrom a first field diaphragm to the field of view, and displacement ofan objective lens giving rise to new components of glare-inducingreflections in accordance with some embodiments of the present inventiveconcept.

FIG. 8A is a diagram illustrating a radius of a meridian of a firstfield diaphragm in accordance with some embodiments of the presentinventive concept.

FIG. 8B is a diagram illustrating a radius of a circularly-symmetricsecond field diaphragm suitable for reducing glare after displacement ofan objective lens in accordance with some embodiments of the presentinventive concept.

FIGS. 8C through 8E are diagrams illustrating non-circularly symmetricfield diaphragms having a reduced radius along at least one meridiansuitable for reducing asymmetric glare after displacement of anobjective lens in accordance with some embodiments of the presentinventive concept.

FIG. 9A is a diagram illustrating an optical path diagram of a commonmain objective (CMO) stereo zoom microscope (SZM) with an objective lensin a first position in accordance with some embodiments of the presentinventive concept in accordance with some embodiments of the presentinventive concept.

FIG. 9B is a diagram illustrating an optical path diagram of a sameCMO-SZM with an objective lens in an axially displaced second positionenabling the dichroic coupling of an accessory optical device inaccordance with some embodiments of the present inventive concept.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present inventive concept will be described more fully hereinafterwith reference to the accompanying figures, in which embodiments of theinventive concept are shown. This inventive concept may, however, beembodied in many alternate forms and should not be construed as limitedto the embodiments set forth herein.

Accordingly, while the inventive concept is susceptible to variousmodifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof areshown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described indetail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intent tolimit the inventive concept to the particular forms disclosed, but onthe contrary, the inventive concept is to cover all modifications,equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of theinventive concept as defined by the claims. Like numbers refer to likeelements throughout the description of the figures.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the inventiveconcept. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” areintended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearlyindicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms“comprises”, “comprising,” “includes” and/or “including” when used inthis specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers,steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude thepresence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps,operations, elements, components, andlor groups thereof. Moreover, whenan element is referred to as being “responsive” or “connected” toanother element, it can be directly responsive or connected to the otherelement, or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when anelement is referred to as being “directly responsive” or “directlyconnected” to another element, there are no intervening elementspresent. As used herein the term “and or” includes any and allcombinations of one or more of the associated listed items and may beabbreviated as “/”.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientificterms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by oneof ordinary skill in the art to which this inventive concept belongs. Itwill be further understood that terms used herein should be interpretedas having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the contextof this specification and the relevant art and will not be interpretedin an idealized or overly foimal sense unless expressly so definedherein.

It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. maybe used herein to describe various elements, these elements should notbe limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish oneelement from another. For example, a first element could be termed asecond element, and, similarly, a second element could be termed a firstelement without departing from the teachings of the disclosure. Althoughsome of the diagrams include arrows on communication paths to show aprimary direction of communication, it is to be understood thatcommunication may occur in the opposite direction to the depictedarrows.

As discussed above, surgical microscopes use vertical illuminationprojected down onto a sample, nearly parallel to an observer's viewingangle. In these microscopes, glare may occur when light from thevertical illumination reflects off one of the surfaces of the microscopeobjective and couples into one of the ocular channels. Surgicalmicroscopes provide a magnified view of an operating field to thesurgeon. Surgical microscopes are frequently of thecommon-main-objective stereo-zoom construction (CMO-SZM). Some surgicalmicroscopes have binocular view ports for the surgeon, and frequentlyhave one or two observer view ports (oculars) at ninety degrees (leftand right) to the surgeon.

These microscopes typically include a wide field illumination systemthat includes incoherent light that is coupled into an infinity-space ofthe microscope, between a zoom assembly and the common main objective.This illumination is directed downward (away from the oculars) using oneor more strategically placed mirrors that are not visible through theoculars. These microscopes include a field diaphragm proximate theilluminator to control the field of illumination as well as otherstructures designed to reduce, or possibly prevent, reflected rays fromreaching or coupling into the microscope ocular channels, therebyreducing, or possibly avoiding, glare. However, when a new element ofthe microscope system is installed, for example, a microscope accessory,a position of a lens may be shifted and the method used to control theglare may not function properly.

In some embodiments of the present inventive concept, the accessory maybe an optical coherence tomography (OCT) accessory, a filter, a videocamera, a wavefront analysis system, a scanning laser ophthalmoscope, anautorefractor, a fluorescence imaging system, a therapeutic laserdelivery system, or the like. In particular, such a device may beinstalled into the collimated, or “infinity space” of a stereomicroscope. In such an installation, the objective lens is relocatedfrom its original position and, thus may cause the specific techniquesused to reduce, or possibly eliminate, glare in a particular microscopeto fail, especiall if these techniques are sensitive to an axialposition of an objective lens. Accordinaly, some embodiments of thepresent inventive concept provide a field diaphragm or glare maskcompatible with, for example, a CMO microscope to reduce, or possiblyeliminate, glare originating from a modified location of the mainobjective lens as will be discussed further herein with respect to FIGS.1 through 9B.

Referring now to FIG. 1, a schematic representation of a CMO microscope,illustrated in FIG. 9A, with vertical illumination will be discussed. Asillustrated in FIG. 1, the microscope illumination system 100 includes abulb filament or an Light Emitting Diode (LED) 105, a collector lens set107, a condenser aperture diaphragm 109, an auxiliary lens 111, a fielddiaphragm (FD) 113, a field lens 115, a fold mirror 117, an objectivelens 119, an object plane 121 and a sample. As used herein, a samplerefers to an object to be imaged, for example, a human eye. Althoughmany of the examples discussed herein refer to the sample being an eye,specifically, the retina, cornea, anterior segment and lens of the eye,embodiments of the present inventive concept are not limited to thistype of sample. Any type of sample that may be used in conjunction withembodiments discussed herein may be used without departing from thescope of the present inventive concept.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, CMO microscopes with vertical illuminationtypically use a Kohler illumination in a vertical (or epi-illumination)configuration. It will be understood that specific implementations ofCMO microscopes vary and embodiments discussed herein are provided asexamples only. As illustrated, light emitted from the bulb filament orLED 105 is gathered by a light collection system 106. As will beunderstood by those having skill, in the art, light collection systems106 vary and may or may not include a condenser aperture diaphragm 109to control light intensity. For example, in embodiments without thecondenser aperture diaphragm 109, light intensity can be controlled viamodulation of a drive current to the bulb. However, the collectionsystem 106 illustrated in embodiments of FIG. 1 include a collector 107,a condenser aperture diaphragm 109 and an auxiliary lens 111. Lightexiting the collection system 106 is directed towards a field diaphragm113 that is conjugate to the object plane 121. The field diaphragm 113is then imaged onto the object plane 121 via a field lens 115, foldmirror 117 and, objective lens 119. Thus, the field diaphragm 113controls the extent of the illuminated field at the object plane 121.

Referring now to FIGS. 2A and 2B, schematic representations of anillumination system of a CMO microscope using a vertical Kohlerillumination will be discussed. FIG. 2A is a schematic representationshowing illumination rays reaching an object plane and FIG. 2B is aschematic representation illustrating a virtual image of the fielddiaphragm formed by reflection off of the top surface of the objectivelens. Like reference numerals of FIGS. 2A and 2B refer to like elementsillustrated with respect to FIG. 1 and will not be repeated herein inthe interest of brevity.

Referring now to FIGS. 2A and 2B, the most common source of glare in CMOmicroscopes are reflections off of the microscope objective lens 119.FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate a ray diagram of an optical system of a CMOmicroscope, but the ray diagram is simplified to be represented in twodimensions. The system illustrated in FIGS. 2A and 2B has been designedto reduce, or possibly eliminate, glare. FIG. 2A illustratesillumination rays reaching the object plane 121. FIG. 2B illustratesrays emerging from the virtual image 235 of the field diaphragm 113 arekept out of the ocular channel 230, because they are either obliquelyreflected or obscured by the fold mirror 117. In other words, thevirtual image 235 of the field diaphragm 113 formed by reflection off ofa top surface of the objective lens 119 is obscured from the ocularchannel 230, thereby reducing, or possibly eliminating, glare caused bythe reflection off the objective lens.

However, as discussed above, when a CMO is modified by inserting anaccessory, as illustrated in FIG. 9B, the position, of the objectivelens may be displaced from the original position designed to reduce oreliminate glare, thus, causing the glare reduction design to be lesseffective or even useless. Referring now to FIGS. 3A and 3B, schematicrepresentations of the illumination system of a CMO microscope withobjective lens 119 displaced by a distance sufficient to introduce abeam splitter, for example, substantially at 45 degrees andsubstantially across the entire objective lens clear aperture. Forexample, a 45 degree beam splitter used in conjunction with a 60 mmdiameter objective lens will typically require that the objective lensposition be displaced 60 mm axially. Like reference numerals of FIGS. 3Aand 3B refer to like elements illustrated with respect to FIGS. 1through 2B discussed above and will not be repeated herein in theinterest of brevity.

Referring, now to FIGS. 3A and 3B, the microscope of FIG. 2 is modifiedby positioning, for example, a scan head above the objective lens 119such that the objective lens 119 is displaced about 60 mm, lengtheningthe path length within the collimated, or “infinity space” of themicroscope. This may occur, for example, when an OCT imaging system orthe like is positioned within the infinity space of the microscopesystem. As illustrated in FIG. 3A, the illumination rays reach theobject plane 121, virtually unchanged. However, as illustrated in FIG.3B, the virtual image of the field diaphragm 235, formed by reflectionoff of a top surface of the objective lens 240, couples into the ocularchannel 230, producing glare 380, which was not present before theobjective lens 119 was displaced. In other words, when the objectivelens 119 is displaced, the virtual image of the filament formed by theobjective lens 119 is no longer obscured from the ocular channel 230.Thus, some illumination rays reflect off of the top surface of theobjective lens 240 and couple into the ocular channel 230, producingglare 380.

Closer examination reveals that only rays emanating from the top of thefield, diaphragm 113 (350 shown in dotted circle; relative to thegraphical orientation and not necessarily referring to a physical top orbottom of the microscope system) contribute to the glare. Thus, stoppingdown or masking the diaphragm 113 may reduce, or eliminate, the glare byblocking the stray glare-producing ray(s) 350. These glare-producingrays 350 are also present at the edge of the illuminated field. As willbe discussed further herein with respect to embodiments of the presentinventive concept, careful masking can reduce, or possibly eliminate,the glare with very little impact to the illumination field.

It will be understood that the systems illustrated in FIGS. 1 through 3Bhave been simplified to a two-dimensional representation for simplicityand, thus, do not convey the circumferential extent of the rays thatcreate glare. In practice, only a small portion of the circumference ofthe field diaphragm 113 needs to be blocked to reduce or eliminateglare. As will be discussed below, this can be achieved by placing a newfield diaphragm, or mask, adjacent to the original field diaphragm 113.This mask reduces, or possibly eliminates, glare while having only verylittle impact on the illuminated field-of-view (FOV).

Referring now to FIGS. 4A and 4B, an illuminated FOV with and without aglare mask in accordance with embodiments discussed herein will bediscussed. FIGS. 4A and 4B are images acquired through one of theassistant oculars (the ocular with the largest amount of glare) with anOCT device or the like installed, thus, displacing the objective lensand interfering with the mechanism for reducing glare as discussedabove. FIG. 4A is an image acquired from a test microscope when a mainobjective lens is displaced 60 mm required for the installation of adichroically coupled accessory is installed without a glare mask. Asillustrated in FIG. 4A, with the objective lens axially displaced, twobright glare hotspots 480 and 481 are observed in the FOV. Asillustrated in FIG. 4B, when a field diaphragm mask (glare mask) is theninstalled, glare has been completely eliminated by the mask in the FOV.As illustrated in FIG. 4B, the mask may cast shadows in bottom portionsof the FOV. The size and shape of the shadows depends on the size andshape of the mask. The mask used to produce the image of FIG. 4B casttwo small partial shadows 490 and 491 in the bottom corners of the FOV,towards the user of the microscope. In an ophthalmic surgery applicationwith a typical microscope, these small shadows will be positionednominally superior with respect to the head of the patient, at or abovethe brow, substantially out of the useable field of view of the, surgeonand, thus, are potentially less disruptive to the surgical visualizationthan the two bright spots 480 and 481 illustrated in FIG. 4A. The imagesin FIGS. 4A and 4B were obtained with a Leica M844 surgical microscope.To provide scale, the circle in each image is 36 mm in diameter, threetimes the diameter of a cornea of an eye and 50% greater than thenasal-temporal width of an eyelid. Thus, embodiments of the presentinventive concept may be used to reduce, or possibly eliminate, glarewhen a device is installed in a microscope that alters the originalconfiguration of the microscope. For example, embodiments of the presentinventive concept may be used to reduce or eliminate glare produced frominstalling an EnFocus™ Optical Coherence Tomography device on a LeicaM844 surgical microscope, installing an EnFocus™ Optical CoherenceTomography device on another common main objective microscope, orinstalling another like accessory on a like common main objectivemicroscope.

Surgical microscopes in accordance with some embodiments of the presentinventive concept include an “infinity space.” This is a space above thefinal objective lens. Surgical microscopes, for example, a Lein M844surgical microscope, provide the ability to add accessories to the“infinity space” of the microscope. Accessories may include theaccessories mentioned above or may include, but are not limited to, forexample, a filter, a video camera, wave cont analysis system, a scanninglaser ophthalmoscope, an autorefractor, a fluorescence imaging system, atherapeutic laser delivery system, or the like. The addition of anaccessory, for example, an optical coherence tomography (OCT) accessory,to the infinity space of a common main objective microscope alters theglare management strategy for the microscope illumination system asdiscussed above.

Thus, a glare mask in accordance with embodiments discussed herein maybe used to block a specific area of the main illumination beam in orderto reduce, or possibly eliminate, back reflections from the displacedmain, objective lens (displaced by the accessory) which is observed asregions of glare in the oculars as discussed above. Some embodiments ofthe present inventive concept provide glare masks configured to bereceived by a filter slot of the microscope as will be discussed furtherwith respect to FIGS. 5A through 8E.

As discussed above, only some of the reflected rays are reflected backinto the oculars used by the surgeon, so only some of the rays need tobe blocked by the glare mask. Thus, the glare mask may have many formfactors and still serve the purpose of blocking these particular rays.Referring now to FIGS. 5A through 5C, three different embodiments of aglare mask in accordance with some embodiments of the present inventiveconcept will be discussed. The design types illustrated in FIGS. 5Athrough 5C effectively reduce or eliminate glare from all ocular ports,for example, four ocular ports of the test microscope, the Leica M844.Each of the masks in FIGS. 5A through 5C has a frame portion 590 and amask portion 591. FIG. 5A illustrates a circle obscuration mask having adiameter of 21.5 mm. FIG. 5B illustrates a straight obscuration maskperpendicular to a radius of the circumscribed aperture at a radialdistance 10 mm from aperture center. FIG. 5C illustrates a rectangularobscuration mask 8 mm wide located 9.5 mm from aperture center and at a20 degree angle from the vertical when installed. It will be understoodthat embodiments of the present inventive concept are not limited to themask configurations of FIGS. 5A through 5B and that these Figures areprovided as examples only.

In particular, further embodiments in accordance with the presentinventive concept are illustrated in FIGS. 6A through 6C. FIGS. 6Athrough 6C illustrated a hybrid between the bar and the tab mask,referred to herein as a partial bar, and is designed to provide moreobscuration than the tab while seeking to, reduce ray blockage in thefull bar configuration that may block rays that are not otherwisecontributing to glare. Various form factors for glare masks may be usedhaving many other shapes and sizes without departing from the scope ofthe present inventive concept.

An approximation for the reduction in aperture of the field diaphragm ofthe glare mask may be considered as follows. As shown in FIG. 3B, theglare originates in rays emanating from the edge of the field diaphragmthat have a maximum angle of incidence of impingement on the microscopeobjective. When the microscope objective is axially displaced, thismarginal ray or rays traverses from the edge of the objective towardsthe center, and reflected from the surface of the objective escapes fromthe obscuration of the fold mirror and becomes a potentially offendingglare ray.

An appropriate glare mask increased the likelihood that when theobjective lens is displaced, the new marginal ray emanating from the newglare-reducing field diaphragm stays within the boundaries of theoriginal marginal rays of the lens in its original position. Referringnow to FIG. 7, a diagram illustrating a representation of a geometryapplied to determine a radius of a meridian of a second field diaphragmthat will inhibit glare, given knowledge of a first field diaphragm,path lengths from a first field diaphragm to the field of view, anddisplacement of an objective lens giving rise to new components ofglare-inducing reflections in accordance with some embodiments of thepresent inventive concept will be discussed.

As illustrated in FIG. 7, FD_1 is diameter of the original fielddiaphragm as measured along a meridian of the marginal ray (the ray mostlikely to cause glare when the lens is displaced). The field diaphragmFD_1 is positioned a distance L_0 (including folds) from the surface ofthe microscope objective of focal length FL. With the objective in thisposition, the illuminated field of view is a diameter of FOV_0,representing a magnification M=FOV_0/FD_1. In some embodiments of thepresent inventive concept, FD_1 has a diameter 30 mm, the FOV with a 175mm focal length lens is 55 mm, M=55/30 1.83 with the objective lensdisplaced a distance dL=60 mm. and the new field diaphragm FD_2 ispositioned a new distance dL+L_0 from the objective lens. Asillustrated, in order for the new marginal ray to stay within theglare-free bounds of the original system deployment, the new margin rayshould stay within the trajectory of the original marginal ray, and thediameter of the field diaphragm FD_2 along the offending meridian shouldbe within the illumination cone of angle 2*□. With known quantitiesFD_1, L_0, FL, and FOV_1, the diameter FD_2 of the new field diaphragmalong the offending meridian may be estimated by the following equation:

FD_2=FD_1−2*h_2  Eqn. 1

where FD_2 is the diameter of the new field diaphragm, FD_1 is thediameter of the field diaphragm and where:

h_2=h_1*(dL/L_0)  Eqn. 2

where dL is the axial displacement of the microscope objective and

h_1=m*L_0  Eqn. 3

where in is the slope of the marginal ray measured from the optical axis(note: in is not equal to magnification M) and m is represented by thefollowing equation:

m=(FOV_1−FD_1)/[2*(L_0+FL)].  Eqn. 4

The relationship between the diameters of field diaphragm 1 and fielddiaphragm 2 may be restated as follows:

FD_2=FD_1*[1−(M−1)*dL/(L_0+FL)]  Eqn. 5

Finally, that the diameter (or radius) of the second field diaphragm isde-magnified by a ratio R relative to the original field diaphragm as:

R=[1−(M−1)*dL/(L_0+FL)j]  Eqn. 6

It will be understood that the de-magnification of the field diaphragmis a function of the magnification M of the original illuminationoptics, the original distance between the field diaphragm and the imageplane L_0+FL, and the subsequent axial displacement of the objectivelens dL.

In some embodiments of the present inventive concept, FL=175 mm; L_0=100mm; FD_1=30 mm: FOV_1=55 mm: M=1.833; m=0.045; and dL=60 mm. Thus, usingthese variable in the equations set out above. FD2=24.5 mm and

FOV_2=M*FD_2=45 mm  Eqn. 7

where FOV_2 is the new field of view along the direction of theoffending meridian in the image plane. Note that the mask need not becircularly symmetric, and a minimum field of illumination reductionR=FOV_2/FOV_1 need only occur along an imaged meridian that correspondsto glare-inducing marginal rays and, therefore, it is further useful toconsider only a meridian radius along an offending direction, such thata radius along at least one meridian is related to the radius of theoriginal field diaphragm according to:

FR_2=FR_1−h2  Eqn. 8

where FR_2 is a minimum radius along a critical meridian of the glaremask, or second field diaphragm and FR_1=FD_1/2 is the radius along thesame meridian of the first field diaphragm.

Referring now to FIGS. 8A through 8E, FIG. 8A is a diagram illustratingan original field diaphragm; FIG. 8B is a diagram illustrating acircularly symmetric glare mask or second field diaphragm with a reducedmeridional radius; FIG. 8C is a diagram illustrating a non-symmetricbar, glare mask or second field diaphragm with a reduced meridionalradius; FIG. 8D is a diagram illustrating a non-symmetric tab glare maskor second field diaphragm with a reduced meridional radius; and FIG. 8Eis diagram illustrating a non-symmetric half-bar glare mask or secondfield diaphragm with a reduced meridional radius.

The field diaphragm FD2 is oriented such that marginal rays from theedge of the field diaphragm along a meridian of minimum diameter thatreflect from a surface of the objective lens reflect outside of theacceptance angle for relay through any ocular channel of the microscope.

The masks discussed herein have opaque obscurations. It will beunderstood that opacity is not a definitive requirement. Theobscurations may be such that ray randomization is sufficient to reduceor eliminate the impact of glare, such as, with a ground-glassobseuration. Alternatively, the obscuration may deflect the offendingmarginal rays without attenuating them. Other ways to create a glaremask may be envisioned that obscuration that acts to remove marginalrays by using a glare mask along the delivery path of the illumination.

As discussed briefly above, the addition of an accessory to the infinityspace of a surgical microscope alters the glare management strategy forthe microscope illumination system. Thus, embodiments of the presentinventive concept provide glare masks (field diaphragm masks) havingvarious form factors, that may be installed in a surgical microscope.These glare masks reduce or eliminate glare originating from themodified location of the main objective lens and have very little impactto the field of illumination at the subject (patient) plane.

In the drawings and specification, there have been disclosed exemplaryembodiments of the inventive concept. However, many variations andmodifications can be made to these embodiments without substantiallydeparting from the principles of the present inventive concept.Accordingly, although specific teuns are used, they are used in ageneric and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation,the scope of the inventive concept being defined by the followingclaims.

What is claimed
 1. A surgical microscope comprising; at least oneocular; an objective lens optically coupled to the at least one ocular;a collimated space between the at least one ocular and the objectivelens, wherein the collimated space is configured to receive an opticalaccessory therein and wherein the optical accessory is optically coupledto an imaaina path of the surgical microscope; an illumination systemoptically coupled into the collimated space of the surgical microscope,wherein an illumination from the illumination system is directed along apath at least partially contained within the collimated space of thesurgical microscope and through the objective lens; and one of a fielddiaphragm and obscuration mask positioned within the illuminationsystem, and outside of a field of view of the at least one ocular,wherein the one of the field diaphragm and the obscuration mask blocks,attenuates or diverts rays from the illumination system that reflectfrom a surface of the objective lens such that the reflected rays arenot visible through the at least one ocular.
 2. The microscope of claim1: wherein one of a first field diaphragm and first obscuration mask ispositioned within the path of the illumination system when the surgicalmicroscope is operated without the optical accessory coupled to theimaging path of the microscope; and wherein one of a second fielddiaphragm and a second obscuration mask is positioned within the path ofthe illumination system when the surgical microscope is operated withthe optical accessory coupled to the imaging path of the microscope. 2.The microscope of claim 2, wherein the position of the objective lens,when the surgical microscope is operated with the optical accessorycoupled to imaging path of the microscope, is displaced a distance dLalong an the optical axis of the objective lens relative to an axialposition of the objective lens when the surgical microscope is operatedwithout the optical accessory coupled to imaging path of the microscope.4. The microscope of claim 3, wherein a radial dimension of the one ofthe second field diaphragm and the second obscuration mask isde-magnified relative to a radial dimension of the first field diaphragmby an approximate ratio R=[1−(M−1)*dL/(L_0 FL)], where M is themagnification of the first field diaphragm at an image plane, and L_0+FLis a sum of path lengths from a first field diaphragm to a firstobjective lens position L_0 and a focal length of the objective lens FL.4. roscope of claim 4, wherein the accessory comprises one of an opticalcoherence tomography (OCT) device, a scanning laser ophthalmoscopedevice, a wavefront analysis device, an autorefractor device, a videocamera, and a laser delivery device.
 6. The microscope of claim 5,wherein the one of the second field diaphragm and obscuration mask isnon-circularly symmetric.
 7. The microscope of claim 5, wherein the oneof the second field diaphragm and the second obseuration mask iscircularly symmetric.
 8. The microscope of claim 1, wherein the one ofthe field diaphragm and obscuration mask comprise: a stationary frameportion.confLgured to be received in the collimated space of thesurgical microscope; and a non-circularly symmetric mask portionintegrated with the frame portion, the non-circularly symmetric maskportion positioned such that marginal rays from an edge of the one ofthe field diaphragm and obscuration mask along a meridian of minimumdiameter that reflect from a surface of the objective lens of thesurgical microscope are blocked and are not relayed through any ocularchannel of the surgical microscope.
 9. The microscope of claim 8,wherein the mask portion comprises a circularly symmetric diaphragm witha non-circularly symmetric inset obscuration having a reduced meridionalradius relative to a meridional radius of the circularly symmetricdiaphragm.
 10. The microscope of claim 9, wherein the non-circutarlysymmetric inset obscuration comprises a rectangular obscuration maskbeing about 8 mm wide and located about 9.5 mm from a center of thefield diaphragm and about twenty degrees ions vertical.
 11. A surgicalmicroscope configured to receive field diaphragm in an infinity space ofthe surgical microscope, the field diagram comprising a stationary frameportion configured to be received in the infinity space of the surgicalmicroscope; and a mask portion comprising a circularly symmetricdiaphragm with a non-circularly symmetric inset obscuration having areduced meridional radius relative to a meridional radius of thecircularly symmetric diaphragm, wherein the inset obscuration comprisesa rectangular obscuration mask.
 12. The surgical microscope of claim 11,wherein the surgical microscope further comprises and an objective lensand wherein the infinity space is a space above the objective lens andis configured to receive an accessory therein, presence of the accessoryin the infinity space altering a glare management system of the surgicalmicroscope by displacing a position of the objective lens of thesurgical microscope.
 13. The surgical microscope of claim 12, whereinthe field diaphragm is configured to block portions of the illuminationbeam to reduce back reflections from the displaced objective lens. 14.The surgical microscope of claim 12 wherein wherein the accessorycomprises an optical coherence tomography (OCT) accessory
 15. Thesurgical microscope of claim 11, wherein the rectangular obscurationmask is about 8 mm wide and located about 9.5 mm from a center of thefield diaphragm and about twenty degrees from vertical.